5 - Redundancy Principle #2

Brief Definition

Typically, it is considered redundant to add both audio and text to explain visuals. However, according to Clark and Mayer (2011), Redundancy Principle #2, there are times that the extra embellishment is helpful to the learner. In the case that there is no graphic display, both audio and text are useful. Other cases include a very slow pace, or with learners with certain learning disabilities, or only a few words are shown to highlight a particular graphic.

An Artifact

Kahn Academy is famous for effective e-lessons teaching math concepts for all ages of students. In the example for 2nd Grade Measurement, an example of the Redundancy Principle #2 is found. Notice in the image below that the math problem is spelled out: “Rectangle 1 is ______m ______ than Rectangle 2. Then notice that both Rectangle 1 and Rectangle 2 are labeled with text. In the process of explaining the lesson, the narrator reads the problem and refers to both Rectangle 1 and Rectangle 2. This is a case where adding redundant audio to the graphic is essential in getting the point across.

References

Clark, R. C., & Mayer, R. E. (2011). E-learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.